Abstract
This study assesses greenhouse gas emission (GHG) reductions and sustainable development impacts connected to the nationally appropriate mitigation action (NAMA) on sustainable charcoal production in Mozambique. The analysis covers the results of the ex-ante assessment of the NAMA potential contribution to the achievement of Mozambique’s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) target. The expected impacts show that the proposed actions tied to NAMA (e.g., introducing improved kilns, sustainable forest management, briquetting of charcoal waste and torrefaction) can cumulatively lead to emission reductions amounting to 314,521 ± 45,138 t CO2-eq (119% reduction) by 2025, and 442,706 ± 26,766 t CO2-eq (113% reduction) by 2030 at the national level, compared to a business as usual scenario. This shifting represents a transformation of the charcoal sector from a net source of emissions to net carbon sequestrating. The analysis also identifies a wide range of sustainable development cobenefits, including increased income, improved gender equity, job creation (23% increase by 2025, and 15% decrease by 2030), and increased revenue (USD 825,000 by 2025, and USD 1.6 million by 2030). The assessment process concluded that unless robust data collection, processing, and sharing is put in place, a full assessment of all direct and indirect environmental, social, and economic impacts cannot be comprehensively reported. Finally, we highlight the lessons learned and specific barriers for a robust monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) of the given policy under the current MRV set up and available capacities.
Highlights
With the adoption of the Paris Agreement in 2015, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Parties to the Convention have agreed on a common framework to reach the objective to limit the increase in global average temperature at well below 2 ◦C, relative to preindustrial levels, and pursue efforts to limit warming to 1.5 ◦C
The following objectives are aligned with the overall goal: (1) Reduced deforestation rate due to lower demand for fuelwood because of improved and more efficient kilns, sustainable forest management practices, and use of improved stoves; (2) reduced forest degradation as a result of the adoption of sustainable forest management practices; (3) maintained and secured biodiversity conservation in forest areas under sustainable forest management practices; and (4) jobs creation, alternative income, and improved income streams for charcoal producers engaged in the Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action (NAMA) implementation project
Another issue that hinders quantification is the lack of available methods to establish the attribution of impacts to the NAMA activities from impacts that could result from various measures, such as reduced air pollution and reduction on economic costs of health losses
Summary
With the adoption of the Paris Agreement in 2015, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Parties to the Convention have agreed on a common framework to reach the objective to limit the increase in global average temperature at well below 2 ◦C, relative to preindustrial levels, and pursue efforts to limit warming to 1.5 ◦C. Mozambique’s NDC operational plan includes a specific section on a Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action (NAMA) for Promoting Sustainability of the Charcoal Value Chain in Mozambique. Charcoal is produced using inefficient, traditional earth kilns This has resulted in a high level of deforestation and forest degradation countrywide [6,7]. The following objectives are aligned with the overall goal: (1) Reduced deforestation rate due to lower demand for fuelwood because of improved and more efficient kilns, sustainable forest management practices, and use of improved stoves; (2) reduced forest degradation as a result of the adoption of sustainable forest management practices; (3) maintained and secured biodiversity conservation in forest areas under sustainable forest management practices; and (4) jobs creation, alternative income, and improved income streams for charcoal producers engaged in the NAMA implementation project
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