Abstract
At present, chemotherapy with some drugs such as nitroimidazoes derivatives is the preferred treatment for giardiasis. However, these agents are associated with adverse side effects ranging from nausea to possible genotoxicity. The present investigation was designed to systematically review the in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies about the efficacy of nanoparticles against giardiasis. The study was carried out based on the 06-PRISMA guideline and registered in the CAMARADES-NC3Rs Preclinical Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Facility (SyRF) database. The search was performed in five English databases, including Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, and Google Scholar, without time limitation for publications around the world about anti-Giardia effects of all organic and inorganic nanoparticles without date limitation in order to identify all the published articles. The searched words and terms were “Giardiasis”, “Giardia lamblia”, “Giardia intestinalis”, “Giardia duodenalis”, “nanoparticles”, “nanomedicine”, “in vitro”, in vivo”, and “clinical trial”. Out of 312 papers, 10 papers, including 4 in vitro (40.0%), 5 in vivo (50.0%), and 1 in vitro/in vivo (10.0%) up to 2021 met the inclusion criteria for discussion in this systematic review. The most common type of nanoparticles was metal nanoparticles (5 studies, 50.0%) such as silver, gold, etc., followed by organic nanoparticles such as chitosan nanoparticles (4 studies, 40.0%). The results of this review study showed the high efficacy of a wide range of organic and non-organic NPs against giardiasis, indicating that nanoparticles could be considered as an alternative and complementary resource for treating giardiasis, since they have no significant toxicity. However, more studies are required to elucidate this conclusion, especially in clinical systems.
Highlights
We investigated the effect of different nanoparticles on Giardia parasite and giardiasis disease, put the obtained information in a table, and categorized it
In the study conducted by of Said et al (2012), the results showed that curcumin nanoparticles synthesized by ionic crosslinking of curcumin solution at the dose of 450 mg for 8 d significantly reduced the number of Giardia cysts (54.6%) in the stool and trophozoites (51.7%) in intestinal sections of the rats with giardiasis [16]
In another study conducted by Said et al (2012), it was proven that silver nanoparticles obtained by green synthesis at the dose of 50 μg for 8 d can reduce 72.7% of G. lamblia cysts in the mice with giardiasis [16]
Summary
An alarming increase in resistance to the conventional agents with nitroimidazoles such as MTZ has been reported in various parts of the world. Nanotechnology has been introduced as a relatively new field of science and technology that deals with nanometer-sized material for medical purposes [8]. This innovative technology has been used in various fields of sciences through a combined approach. Use of nanotechnology for medical purposes has been named nanomedicine and is described as e applying nanomaterials for diagnosis, monitoring, control, prevention, and treatment of diseases [9]. Our study aimed to systematically review the existing literature (in vitro and in vivo) in the field of nanomedicine for giardiasis treatment
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