Applying geographic information systems: Siting of coastal hotels in Costa Rica

Abstract

By comparing composite geographic information against decision criteria developed by field research, an analyst can use geographic information systems (GISs) to determine optimum hotel-development sites. A GIS uses digital geographic information (often from many maps) to create a single composite map of sites that meet specified criteria, which can include the environment, demographics, infrastructure, and political boundaries. Those criteria are set according to a stepwise process that begins with defining the land-use problem and selecting the area to be examined. A key aspect of the process is to define the essential or limiting factors that control the outcome of the analysis. The final step is to compare the prospective sites against the diagnostic characteristics. A case study of Costa Rica shows how the GIS operates, comparing such limiting factors as appropriate soil characteristics and proximity to coastal areas, highways, and natural areas against the geographic characteristics of potential development sites. The authors developed the limiting factors based on surveys of existing hotel operations and of government agencies. The GIS analysis found just 4,400 hectares of suitable sites out of 39,000 hectares being studied. Of 19 existing hotels, just five were in locations deemed appropriate by the GIS analysis. Interestingly, those five showed better financial results than those properties not sited in optimum locations.