Abstract
Monitoring physical training is important for the health and performance of athletes, and real-time assessment of fatigue is crucial to improve training efficiency. The relationship between key biomarkers and exercise has been reported. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of different levels of training exercises on the urine metabolome. 1H NMR-based metabolomics analysis was performed on urine samples from half-pipe snowboarders, and spectral profiles were subjected to PCA and PLS-DA. Our results show that metabolic profiles varied during different stages of exercises. Lactate, alanine, trimethylamine, malonate, taurine, and glycine levels decreased while TMAO and phenylalanine levels increased in the stage with higher amount and intensity of exercise. Although the amount of exercise was reduced in subsequent stage, no significant variations of metabolic profile were found. Metabolic changes induced by training level were analyzed with related metabolic pathway. Studying metabolome changes can provide a better understanding of the physiology of athletes and could aid in adjusting training.
Highlights
The aim of physical training is to enhance athletic performance and prevent serious injury
We describe nontargeted 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabonomics analyses of urine samples obtained from professional snowboarders after weekly physical training
The present study evaluated changes in the urinary metabolic profiles of half-pipe snowboarders as a result of training, using a metabolomics strategy
Summary
The aim of physical training is to enhance athletic performance and prevent serious injury. Helping the body adapt to higher-intensity stimuli, is important for physical training [2, 3]. Margonis et al [4] found that 37% of professional athletes in all types of sports have suffered from overtraining syndrome at least once in their careers. Many studies indicate that exercises stimulate the body producing changes in the metabolite levels of athletes, regardless of whether the exercise follow acute or chronic, planned or unplanned protocols [5, 6], even in strength-endurance sports [3]. Blood and urine were usually selected as indicators in monitor procedure. Variations in some of these indicators were not observed through detection of target biochemicals such as serum cortisol, testosterone, or creatine kinase [3]
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