Abstract
The effect of the applied voltage on impedance spectra, measured on sensors based on solid supports with interdigitated electrodes (IDE) that are either covered or not with a layer-by-layer film prepared with polyethylenimine and poly (sodium 4-styrenesulfonate), was analyzed to detect 17α-ethinylestradiol(EE2) in mineral water and tap water. The results show that the sensor response is strongly affected by the applied voltage, the presence of film, and the water matrix, meaning that electrochemical reactions develop near the IDE. However, for low values of applied voltage, the sensor response is reproducible with negligible electrochemical reactions, allowing us to conclude that 25 mV is the appropriate voltage.
Highlights
With the advent of more modern and advanced technologies, it has become possible to detect chemical compounds at very low concentrations
Considering that human lives, and a vast majority of Earth’s fauna and flora, rely deeply on the central and invaluable role that fresh and clean water plays, it is undoubtedly and alarmingly necessary to strive and succeed in finding novel ways to detect, monitor and conceivably remove these substances from water bodies. Some of these emerging contaminants are included in the category of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCP), such as triclosan (5-chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) phenol) (TCS) which is a well-known and commonly used compound in toothpaste, shampoos and lotions due to its bacteriostatic and antimicrobial properties [3]
Amongst these PPCPs, there is a group of substances designated as endocrine disrupting compounds (EDC) and it is within this collection of composites that 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) is inserted [4]
Summary
With the advent of more modern and advanced technologies, it has become possible to detect chemical compounds at very low concentrations. By combining interdigitated gold electrodes with thin-film techniques, for instance, layer-by-layer (LbL), and impedance spectroscopy the aforementioned goal of developing sensors to detect and monitor EE2 in different water bodies is made possible.
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