Abstract
Grain quality improvement is a key target for rice breeders, along with yield. It is a multigenic trait that is simultaneously influenced by many factors. Over the past few decades, breeding for semi-dwarf cultivars and hybrids has significantly contributed to the attainment of high yield demands but reduced grain quality, which thus needs the attention of researchers. The availability of rice genome sequences has facilitated gene discovery, targeted mutagenesis, and revealed functional aspects of rice grain quality attributes. Some success has been achieved through the application of molecular markers to understand the genetic mechanisms for better rice grain quality; however, researchers have opted for novel strategies. Genomic alteration employing genome editing technologies (GETs) like clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) for reverse genetics has opened new avenues of research in the life sciences, including for rice grain quality improvement. Currently, CRISPR/Cas9 technology is widely used by researchers for genome editing to achieve the desired biological objectives, because of its simple targeting. Over the past few years many genes that are related to various aspects of rice grain quality have been successfully edited via CRISPR/Cas9 technology. Interestingly, studies on functional genomics at larger scales have become possible because of the availability of GETs. In this review, we discuss the progress made in rice by employing the CRISPR/Cas9 editing system and its eminent applications. We also elaborate possible future avenues of research with this system, and our understanding regarding the biological mechanism of rice grain quality improvement.
Highlights
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) feeds more than 3.5 billion people worldwide [1]
Conventional mutational breeding techniques, i.e., ethyl methanesulfonate and X-rays, have multiple limitations, and new techniques, i.e., clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) are highly desirable for achieving the goal of rice grain quality improvement with more precision and higher efficiency [6]
The results showed that CRISPR/Cas9-mediated homology-directed repair was successful
Summary
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) feeds more than 3.5 billion people worldwide [1]. Rice grain quality preferences differ between geographical regions and/or ethnic groups [2]. When an oligo-template is present, HDR induces specific gene replacement or foreign DNA knock-ins [15,16] These processes are all ways in which CRISPR/Cas can efficiently edit the genome of diverse organisms, including humans, animals and plants (Figure 1). Recent reviews have described the genetics and biotechnologies [17], integration of knowledge from omics-based studies [18], and methods for utilizing genome editing, CRISPR/Cas for improving rice grain quality [19,20]. Several online platforms are available to assist researchers with all concerns relating to CRISPR [21,22,23,24,25,26] Based on these developments, we provide a non-comprehensive review with special emphasis on the applications of the CRISPR/Cas system for the development of rice varieties with better grain quality. ““TThheesgsgRRNNAAcocnotnatianisnas sapsapcearcesreqsueqenuceencfoellfoowlloewd ebdy 7b9yn7t9ofnat nofaratnificairatlilfyicfiaulsleydfutrsaecdrRtNraAcrRanNdAcraRnNdA scerqRuNenAces”e,q(u2e)nTchee”,s(p2a)cTerhesesqpuaecnecresiesqtuyepnicaelliys t2y0pnictainllyle2n0gtnht, iannldenspgtehc,ifiacnadllyspbeicnidfiscatollythbeintadrsgettoDthNeA steaqrgueetnDceNcAonsetaqiuneinncgeaco5n’-tNaiGniGng-3a’ 5P’A-NMGmG-o3t’ifPAatMthme o3t’ifeantdt,hwe 3h’icehndis, whhigichhlyisshpiegchifilycsfpoerctifhice fgoerntheeof ignetenreesotf, i(n3t)eTrehset,fu(3s)eTdhterafnuss-eadcttirvaantsin-agcctirvRaNtiAng(tcrraRcNrRAN(Atr)aacnrRdNcrAR)NanAdscerqRuNenAcesefoqrumenscaesftoermm-sloaospteRmN-A sltoroupctRuNreAthsattrubcintudrsettohatht ebiCnadss9toenthzyemCae;s9treancrzRymNAe; thryabcrrRidNizAeshaynbdridjoiiznessCanasd9j.o(i4n)sACsasse9m. (b4l)yAosfsesgmRbNlyA, aotftascghReNdAw, iatthtatchheedtawrgiteht tsheequtaerngceet saenqduetnhceeCaansd9tvheecCtoars9covnecsttorur ccto.n(s5tr)uTcrta. n(5s)foTrrmanastfioornmoaftitohneovfetchteor cvoencsttorruccot ninsttrourcitceinvtoiardicieffveriaendtiftfrearnesnftortrmanatsifoonrmteacthionniqtuecehs.n(i5qau)eSsc. r(e5ean) iSncgreaenndinsgelaencdtiosneleocftrioicne omf uritcaent pmlaunttasnbt apseladntosn bpahseendotoynpicphchenaontgyepsi.c (5cbh)anRgeesst.ric(5tibo)n Renesztyrmicteiosniteenlozsysmgeenseirtaetilnogssa gCeRnIeSrPatRin/gCaas mCuRtIaSgPeRn/Cizaesd9pmlaunttagliennei.z(ecd, cpolnatnrtoll;inme., m(c,utcaognetrnoizl;emd;,RmEu, traegsterniciztieodn;sReEn,zryemster)ic. t(i5ocn)sSeunrzvyemyoer).A(5ssca) y (SCuErLv1eyaonrdATs7saayre (DCNELA1eannddonTu7claeraeseDs NutAilizeenddoinnusuclrevaesyeosruatsisliazye)d. (i5nd)suNrevxety-gorenaesrsaatyio).n(s5edq)uNenecxitn-g. (g6e) nFeurtautrioenansaeqlyuseisnctoinogb. t(a6i)nFTu-tDuNreAa-nfraelyespislatnotso,batnadinfTur-DthNerAe-xfrpeeeripmlaennttss, taonpdrofuvrethpehreenxoptyerpiimc ecnhtasntgoes cparsotvbeypthheenkontyopcikcocuhtaonfgtehsecagsetnbeyuthnedkernoincvkoesuttigoaf ttihoeng. e*nDe iuffnedreenr itntvecehstnigiqautieosn.fo* rDtihffeerveencttotercchonniqsutreusct tfroarntshfoervmeacttioornc.o*n*sRtreugcetnterraantsifoonrmanadtiosncr.e*e*nRineggeonfetrraatniosngeannicdpslcarneetsnifnogr goefnteraendsigtienngicepvleannttss. for gene editing events
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