Abstract
Recently, the use of the human amniotic membrane (hAM) has been extended to treat retinal disorders, such as macular holes that failed to close and retinal tears. The hAM has demonstrated the induction of a recovery process of the external retinal layers involving the external limiting membrane (ELM) and the ellipsoid zone (EZ). After that, the application of the hAM for retinal pathologies was extended to large macular tears, high myopic retinal detachment associated with MH, paravascular tears, serous macular detachment associated with optic pit, complicated retinal detachment and advanced age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The hAM has shown a potential in repairing retinal tissue through a regeneration process. This review aims to highlight the use of the hAM in various vitreo-retinal surgical fields, and to confront it with other cutting-edge surgical techniques used to treat challenging vitreo-retinal pathologies.
Highlights
IntroductionThe human amniotic membrane (hAM), known as amnion, envelopes the human fetus
The human amniotic membrane, known as amnion, envelopes the human fetus. It is a semitransparent sheet and its thickness is about 0.02–0.05 mm. It is characterized by a epithelium, a basement membrane, a compact layer, a fibroblast layer and a spongy layer [1,2,3,4]
The human amniotic membrane (hAM) can secrete a variety of cytokines including: transforming growth factor (TGFα, TGFβ-1, β-2, and β-3), basic fibroblast growth factor, epithelial growth factor, the hepatocyte growth factor and its receptor and the keratinocyte growth factor and its receptor [13,14,15,16,17,18]
Summary
The human amniotic membrane (hAM), known as amnion, envelopes the human fetus. It is a semitransparent sheet and its thickness is about 0.02–0.05 mm. It is characterized by a epithelium, a basement membrane, a compact layer, a fibroblast layer and a spongy layer [1,2,3,4]. The amniotic membrane has been used in several fields of the eye surgery, such as the covering of corneal ulcers and the reconstruction of the conjunctiva. The amniotic membrane showed excellent anti-angiogenic and anti-microbial properties and poor immunogenicity [5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12]. The hAM can secrete a variety of cytokines including: transforming growth factor (TGFα, TGFβ-1, β-2, and β-3), basic fibroblast growth factor, epithelial growth factor, the hepatocyte growth factor and its receptor and the keratinocyte growth factor and its receptor [13,14,15,16,17,18]
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