Abstract
The typical characteristics of wastewater produced from seafood, chemical, textile, and paper industries are that it contains ammonia, sulfate, and a certain amount of chemical oxygen demand (COD). The sulfate-reducing ammonium oxidation process is a biochemical reaction that allows both ammonia and sulfate removal, but its low growth rate and harsh reaction conditions limit its practical application. Due to the adsorption properties of the iron sponge and its robust structure, it provides a suitable living environment for microorganisms. To reduce the negative impact on the environment, we employed 4.8 kg of sponge iron in a 2.0 dm3 anaerobic sequencing batch reactor (ASBR). We investigated the effects of the type and concentration of carbon sources on the performance of the sulfate-reducing ammonium oxidation (SRAO) process. The results demonstrated that during a start-up period of 90 days, the average ammonium removal efficiency and the sulfate conversion efficiency of the reactor containing the sponge iron were 4.42% and 8.37% higher than those of the reactor without the sponge iron. The addition of the sponge iron shortens the start-up time of this greenhouse gas-free denitrification process and reduces future costs in practical applications. The removal of total nitrogen (TN) significantly increased after adding organic carbon sources and then declined sharply, while the most considerable reduction of ammonium removal efficiency from 98.4% to 30.5% was observed with adding phenol. The performance of the group employing glucose as the carbon source was recovered on the 28th day, with the average ammonium removal efficiency increasing from 49.03% to 83.5%. The results of this simulation study will help the rapid start-up of SRAO in the water treatment industry and can precisely guide the application of the SRAO process for wastewater containing different organic carbon sources.
Highlights
In order to control the negative impact of climate change, many countries have reduced the emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) [1]
Carbon dioxide (CO2 ) constitutes most of the greenhouse gases, other gases such as nitrous oxide (N2 O) cause a physical effect known as radiative forcing (RF), which is the main driving force behind climate change [3]
During the operation of the reactor, nitrate did not accumulate; nitrite occasionally accumulated in ASBR1, it did not accumulate in ASBR2, indicating that the sponge iron injection has a better treatment effect on NO2 − -N and promotes the initiation of sulfate-type anaerobic ammonia oxidation
Summary
In order to control the negative impact of climate change, many countries have reduced the emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) [1]. Namely phenol, sodium acetate, and glucose, were chosen as the typical organic sources in the range of 75–200 mg/L and added into the sludge-seeded serum bottles to investigate the effect of different organics on the SRAO process. It aims to explain the cooperative relationships of the various bacterial species by examining the microbial community structure and investigating the influence of the organic carbon source on the microbial community by the relative abundance at a genus level. This work supplements the application of the SRAO process to convert industrial wastewater containing nitrogen and sulfur elements and provides a reference for a similar range of applications containing anaerobic ammonia oxidation processes
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