Abstract
Vaccines are one of the most important tools available to prevent and reduce the incidence of infectious diseases in cattle. Despite their availability and widespread use to combat many important pathogens impacting cattle, several of these products demonstrate variable efficacy and safety in the field, require multiple doses, or are unstable under field conditions. Recently, nanoparticle-based vaccine platforms (nanovaccines) have emerged as promising alternatives to more traditional vaccine platforms. In particular, polymer-based nanovaccines provide sustained release of antigen payloads, stabilize such payloads, and induce enhanced antibod- and cell-mediated immune responses, both systemically and locally. To improve vaccine administrative strategies and efficacy, they can be formulated to contain multiple antigenic payloads and have the ability to protect fragile proteins from degradation. Nanovaccines are also stable at room temperature, minimizing the need for cold chain storage. Nanoparticle platforms can be synthesized for targeted delivery through intranasal, aerosol, or oral administration to induce desired mucosal immunity. In recent years, several nanovaccine platforms have emerged, based on biodegradable and biocompatible polymers, liposomes, and virus-like particles. While most nanovaccine candidates have not yet advanced beyond testing in rodent models, a growing number have shown promise for use against cattle infectious diseases. This review will highlight recent advancements in polymeric nanovaccine development and the mechanisms by which nanovaccines may interact with the bovine immune system. We will also discuss the positive implications of nanovaccines use for combating several important viral and bacterial disease syndromes and consider important future directions for nanovaccine development in beef and dairy cattle.
Highlights
Infectious diseases in cattle are caused by different classes of pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites
The impact of Johne’s disease has been estimated to reach as high as $200–250 million annually (Ott et al, 1999; Raizman et al, 2009), while the costs attributed to bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC) reach as high as $3 billion annually worldwide from treatment costs, deaths, and impacts on performance (Watts and Sweeney, 2010)
As evidence from the literature, there is significant interest in various adaptive nanoparticle platforms to use in cattle and other production animals
Summary
Infectious diseases in cattle are caused by different classes of pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites. Colostral transfer of antibodies is the major source of passive immunity, and these Ab are predominately of the IgG1 subclass, with minor amounts of other antibodies, which differs from several other mammalian species While their presence is critical to the health of the newborn, MDA have been reported to hamper vaccination-induced responses, even when present at very low titers. The bovine mucosal immune system is characterized by mucosaassociated lymphoid tissues (MALTs) very rich in T cells, Bcells, plasma cells, and APCs as in other species They are located in strategic sites in the hosts’ oral, gut, genitourinary, and respiratory tracts and are interconnected for efficient antigen sampling [reviewed in Chase and Kaushik, 2019]. Particles can be formulated to encapsulate or have a surface coating composed of proteins,
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