Applications of genomics to improve livestock in the developing world

Abstract

Nearly 25 years have passed since much of the original molecular genetics research began in livestock. Since then activities in the livestock community have been associated with gene identification, gene mapping, QTL identification, genome-wide association studies and more recently the completion of initial sequencing of all the major livestock species. Many individual genes have been identified and incorporated into selection schemes in livestock, and more recently whole genome analysis and genomic selection have begun to be applied. The advent of cheaper, faster sequencing technologies and the realization of good draft sequences and development of SNP chip technologies for livestock species have contributed to our understanding on many ways to further improve our important food species. Such discoveries generally have benefitted three groups: livestock producers, consumers in the developed world and biomedical researchers. However, increased food insecurity and a worldwide food production crisis loom in the future as the most significant scientific challenge facing us in the next 30 years. Expectations are that human population growth will soon go from 7.3 billion to 9.6 billion by 2050, and food production must double despite evidence of climate change and limited land and water resources. There is a significant increased demand for animal source foods especially in the poorer countries of the developing world where most livestock are produced by small holders but also in countries like China and Brazil which are transforming quickly. Many researchers have touted that the genomic revolution offers solutions to increasing food in the developing world. These opportunities certainly exist, from identifying signatures of selection associated with adaptations for these environments to reducing susceptibility to major disease agents. Direction and focus of research, funding issues and human capacity training all will be required for success. Genomic discoveries will need to be embedded within sustainable programs that address implementation from the outset, and benefiting small holder production will be crucial to meeting this challenge.