Applications of different adsorbent materials for the removal of organic and inorganic contaminants from water and wastewater – A review

Abstract

Increasing wastewater production is posing a threat to the safety and cleanliness of the water. Adsorbents have been used in various industries to remove contaminants from wastewater. In this review, naturally occurring and laboratory–synthesized adsorbents, their past and recent advancements, and future wastewater treatment strategies are comprehensively described. Nanomaterials (NMs) have been extensively used as adsorbents due to their high surface area, porosity, low density, and chemical stability. For effective implementation, the adsorption capacity of NMs is optimized. Compared to larger counterparts, nanomaterials have been found to have higher adsorption rate constants, making them more effective adsorbents. The adverse effects associated with the synthesis and application of these adsorbents are discussed. This review also addresses some significant issues concerning these adsorbents, which could impact future research and practical applications of nano adsorbents for water safety.