Abstract
While photosystem II (PSII) of plants utilizes light for photosynthesis, part of the absorbed energy may be reverted back and dissipated as long-term fluorescence (delayed fluorescence or DF). Because the generation of DF is coupled with the processes of forward photosynthetic activities, DF contains the information about plant physiological states and plant-environment interactions. This makes DF a potentially powerful biosensing mechanism to measure plant photosynthetic activities and environmental conditions. While DF has attracted the interest of many researchers, some aspects of it are still unknown because of the complexity of photosynthetic system. In order to provide a holistic picture about the usefulness of DF, it is meaningful to summarize the research on DF applications. In this short review, available literature on applications of DF from PSII is summarized.
Highlights
Experimental results showed that DF spectrum could be potentially useful for characterizing the changes of soybean photosynthesis capability under different degrees of heat stress and it might be a rapid approach for detecting heat stresses [67]
Because DF strongly depends on photosynthetic activities, it has the potential to serve as a versatile tool to measure plant stresses and environmental changes
DF has been used for the measurements of photosynthesis rate, plant circadian, plant senescence, nutrients, salt stress, chilling stress, heat stress, acid rain, herbicide, metal pollution, aquatic production, and drought stress
Summary
Photosynthesis is the only known biological process that can harvest sun light energy [1]. Because chemical reactions are usually reversible, this electron can be transferred back, resulting in chlorophyll molecules (e.g., P680 or PSII antenna chlorophyll molecules) in the excited state, and capable of emitting chlorophyll fluorescence. It takes time for these electrons to transfer back to generate chlorophyll fluorescence This type of fluorescence has a much longer lifetime (minutes or even hours) and is commonly called delayed fluorescence (DF, known as delayed light, delayed luminescence or DL) [6,7,8,9,10]. It is worth mentioning that PF is measured when excitation light is turned on, and it shows a trend of increasing with recording time before light adaptation. DF is measured when the excitation light is turned off, and it shows a trend of decreasing with recording time. An overview of DF can be found in [16], a report on the DF from PSII and Photosystem I is given in [17], and the relationship between PF and DF is discussed by Lavorel [18], Amesz and Van Gorkom [19], Malkin [20], Lavorel et al [21], Jursinic [22], Radenovic et al [23], and Tyystjarvi and Vass [24]
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