Applications of cumulative absolute velocity to urban earthquake early warning systems

Abstract

An early warning system forewarns an urban area of the forthcoming strong shaking, normally with a few seconds to a few tens of seconds of early warning time before the arrival of the destructive S-wave part of the strong ground motion. For urban and industrial areas susceptible to earthquake damage, where the fault rupture system is complex and the fault-site distances are short, there is usually insufficient time to compute the hypocenter, focal parameters and the magnitude of an earthquake. Therefore, simpler and robust early warning algorithm is needed. The direct (engineering) early warning systems are based on algorithms of the exceedance of specified threshold time domain amplitude levels. The continuous stations’ data are processed to compute specific engineering parameters robustly and compared with specified threshold levels. The parameters can be chosen as band-pass filtered peak ground accelerations and/or the bracketed cumulative absolute velocity (BCAV). In this paper, an enhancement to bracket cumulative absolute velocity for the application of online urban early warning systems results in a new parameter called window based bracketed cumulative absolute velocity (BCAV-W). The BCAV-W allows computation of cumulative absolute velocity in a specified window size and to include the vertical component of the motion. The importance of choosing optimum window size for the cumulative absolute velocity BCAV-W is discussed and the correlations between BCAV-W and the macro-seismic intensity are studied for three combinations of horizontal and vertical components of the motion. Empirical relationship is developed to estimate BCAV-W as a function of magnitude, distance, fault mechanism, and site category based on 1,208 recorded ground motion data from 75 earthquakes in active plate-margins.