Abstract
Throughout the last decade, augmented reality (AR) head-mounted displays (HMDs) have gradually become a substantial part of modern life, with increasing applications ranging from gaming and driver assistance to medical training. Owing to the tremendous progress in miniaturized displays, cameras, and sensors, HMDs are now used for the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of several eye diseases. In this review, we discuss the current state-of-the-art as well as potential uses of AR in ophthalmology. This review includes the following topics: (i) underlying optical technologies, displays and trackers, holography, and adaptive optics; (ii) accommodation, 3D vision, and related problems such as presbyopia, amblyopia, strabismus, and refractive errors; (iii) AR technologies in lens and corneal disorders, in particular cataract and keratoconus; (iv) AR technologies in retinal disorders including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), glaucoma, color blindness, and vision simulators developed for other types of low-vision patients.
Highlights
1.3 billion people suffer from visual disorders, which cannot be fully corrected with eyeglasses or contact lenses [1]
Newer intraocular lens (IOL) designs have emerged for cataract surgery such as trifocal IOLs, which are becoming popular among patients and ophthalmologists [8]
In order to display the image, the rastered pattern can be projected on a surface in head mounted projection displays (HMPD) or it may be relay imaged to the eye in augmented reality (AR)-head-mounted displays (HMDs) [33]
Summary
1.3 billion people suffer from visual disorders, which cannot be fully corrected with eyeglasses or contact lenses [1]. Lens and corneal disorders including cataract and keratoconus, and optics nerve-retinal disorders such as glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) are major blinding eye diseases [6]. These conditions may reduce the quality of life severely and several of them leads to total blindness if not treated correctly. Several studies that are referred in this review address the needs of visually impaired people in a specific context, whereas some systems aim to aid low vision in general, all with a different optical architecture.
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