Abstract
Abstract. Smartphone can not only be operated under 3G network environment anytime and anyplace but also cost less than the existing photogrammetric UAV since it provides high-resolution image, 3D location and attitude data on a real-time basis from a variety of built-in sensors. This study is aimed to assess the possibility of smartphone as a payload for photogrammetric UAV system. Prior to such assessment, a smartphone-based photogrammetric UAV system application was developed, through which real-time image, location and attitude data was obtained using smartphone under both static and dynamic conditions. Subsequently the accuracy assessment on the location and attitude data obtained and sent by this system was conducted. The smartphone images were converted into ortho-images through image triangulation. The image triangulation was conducted in accordance with presence or absence of consideration of the interior orientation (IO) parameters determined by camera calibration. In case IO parameters were taken into account in the static experiment, the results from triangulation for any smartphone type were within 1.5 pixel (RMSE), which was improved at least by 35% compared to when IO parameters were not taken into account. On the contrary, the improvement effect of considering IO parameters on accuracy in triangulation for smartphone images in dynamic experiment was not significant compared to the static experiment. It was due to the significant impact of vibration and sudden attitude change of UAV on the actuator for automatic focus control within the camera built in smartphone under the dynamic condition. This cause appears to have a negative impact on the image-based DEM generation. Considering these study findings, it is suggested that smartphone is very feasible as a payload for UAV system. It is also expected that smartphone may be loaded onto existing UAV playing direct or indirect roles significantly.
Highlights
Photogrammetric unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) system is used to traditional monitoring fields such as natural disasters and broadcasting
3.1 Performance of smartphone-based photogrammetric UAV system The automatic image-taking application is operated by Android OS-based smartphone
The standard deviation in the location accuracy of GPS built in smartphone was 9.66m for the static experiment and 13.81m for the dynamic experiment
Summary
Photogrammetric unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) system is used to traditional monitoring fields such as natural disasters (e.g. landslides, wildfires) and broadcasting. The system is consists of a digital camera, sensors (e.g. gyroscope, global positioning system) and communication devices (e.g. Wi-Fi, radio modem). Since the experiment in which UAV was used for photogrammetric application for the first time (Przybilla and Wester-Ebbinghaus, 1979), many interesting studies have been conducted using various platforms (Bogacki et al, 2008; Fotinopoulos, 2004; Mihajlovic et al, 2008; Remondino et al, 2009). In UAV system the communications suite allows the operator to supervise and control the flying vehicle during the mission. Wzorek and others (2006) proposed the global system for mobile communications (GSM) technology as a communication media for an autonomous UAV. UAV systems have payload limitation requires the use of light-weighted sensors, which often affect the accuracy of data provided by the small sensors
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