Abstract
Seismic source location specifies the spatial and temporal coordinates of seismic sources and lays the foundation for advanced seismic monitoring at all scales. In this work, we firstly introduce the principles of diffraction stacking (DS) and cross-correlation stacking (CCS) for seismic location. The DS method utilizes the travel time from the source to receivers, while the CCS method considers the differential travel time from pairwise receivers to the source. Then, applications with three field datasets ranging from small-scale microseismicity to regional-scale induced seismicity are presented to investigate the feasibility, imaging resolution, and location reliability of the two stacking operators. Both of the two methods can focus the source energy by stacking the waveforms of the selected events. Multiscale examples demonstrate that the imaging resolution is not only determined by the inherent property of the stacking operator but also highly dependent on the acquisition geometry. By comparing to location results from other methods, we show that the location bias is consistent with the scale size, as well as the frequency contents of the seismograms and grid spacing values.
Highlights
Seismicity can occur naturally in seismogenic areas or be induced by industrial operations, ranging from laboratory acoustic emission events to large-scale global earthquakes
The results demonstrate that the imaging resolution is highly dependent on the acquisition geometry
A comparison of the location results across the scales indicated that the imaging resolution for the two stacking operators and demonstrated their feasibility in locating imaging resolution is highly dependent on the acquisition geometry, and the location bias is closely seismic events at multiple scales
Summary
Seismicity can occur naturally in seismogenic areas or be induced by industrial operations, ranging from laboratory acoustic emission events to large-scale global earthquakes. Laboratory and small-scale experiments can reveal the mechanism of fracture initiation and propagation, quantify the changes of reservoir permeability, and evaluate the stiffness of natural fractures or faults [1,2]. Seismic source locations are key information of earthquakes and play an important role in characterizing the geometries of multiscale fractures/faults, evaluating seismic activities, and inverting the source mechanism and in situ stress state. The spatial and temporal distribution of seismic events can help reveal the mechanism and propagation of rock fractures at the laboratory/small scale, as well as provide important information for the assessment of tectonic and volcanic seismicity at local and regional scales. Seismic location as a typical inverse problem, covering geophysical, seismological, acoustic, and engineering applications at Energies 2020, 13, 4729; doi:10.3390/en13184729 www.mdpi.com/journal/energies
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