Abstract
AbstractLocated in Batam City, Duriangkang Dam plays an essential role in providing clean water in the area, also being the first and largest estuary dam in Indonesia. However, with a total effective water volume of 107,000,000 m3, Duriangkang Dam is now heavily polluted because of enormous wastewater loads from both domestic and industrial sources that are directly discharged into the dam. The practice of fish farming has also contributed to its demise. Based on water samples collected during 2016 to 2018, the water condition for Duriangkang Dam is no longer classified as the 2nd class of raw water, based on Indonesian water standards. The present study utilizes the WASP model to evaluate and simulate possible solutions for controlling the Duriangkang Dam water pollution rate. The water quality indicators of dissolved oxygen (DO), total phosphorus (TP) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) concentrations are modelled. The calibration and verification results indicate the model exhibited an excellent fitting for DO, BOD and TP concentrations. Under several scenarios, it was determined that the best way to control the pollution rate within the dam is by implementing scenario 8, which include total control of the fish farms and domestic wastewater loads.
Highlights
Water is one of the most important elements to support human life and only 35 million km3 being available as consumed water and among it, due to several factors such as accessible, the surface water becomes one of the main freshwater sources that is used in many countries in the world
The calibration process will be evaluated by using Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) while the verification process will be evaluated by calculating the percent difference between observation and model outputs
The calibration results and verification results for dissolved Oxygen (DO), total phosphorus (TP), and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) can be seen in Figure 2 to Figure 9 and Figure 10 to Figure 17 respectively
Summary
Water is one of the most important elements to support human life and only 35 million km being available as consumed water (freshwater) and among it, due to several factors such as accessible, the surface water becomes one of the main freshwater sources that is used in many countries in the world. In addition to the accessible advantages, surface water has disadvantages such as contaminated. The surface water is most vulnerable to be polluted due to its easy accessibility for the disposal of wastewater. Both the natural processes, such as precipitation inputs, erosion, weather of crustal materials, as well as the anthropogenic influences viz. Urban, industrial and agricultural activities, increasing exploitation of water resources, together determine the quality of surface in a region (Carpenter et al.,, 1998; Jarvie et al.,, 1998). Duriangkang Dam, the first and largest estuary dam in Indonesia, plays an important role to supply clean water for Batam City since it was initially operated in 1995. To understand better the situation, water quality modeling becomes necessary to control and restore the water as its designated use of Class II
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