Abstract
The three dimensional (3D) printing process is largely used for the fabrication of function/non-functional prototypes since previous 3 decades. The thermoplastic polymers are those engineered materials which are essential for 3D printing in automobile, aviation, civil engineering, marine and various household applications due to their mouldability and low cost. The previous studies have reported that some of the thermoplastics can change their shape an size by the application of external stimulus such as; temperature, light, pressure, electric field, electric current, magnetic fields, humidity and pH etc. The 3D printing of these stimulus responsive materials is termed as four dimensional (4D) printing by the scientist and researchers. The present study deals with the state of the art review of the thermoplastic and thermoplastic composite materials use for the 4D printing under different stimulus conditions. The study is supported by the case study for the preparation of 4D printed scaffolds for biomedical applications.
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