Abstract
Progress on advancing technology of using liquid nitrogen for the non-polluting automobiles is reported. It is shown that the low exergy efficiency of the known engines fueled with liquid nitrogen has discredited the very idea of a cryomobile. The design of the open-cycle cryogenic Stirling engine is proposed. This engine allows extracting up to 57% of the exergy accumulated in liquid nitrogen. The method used to calculate of such open-cycle Stirling engine is described and the calculation results and discussion are presented. It is shown that 200 liters of liquid nitrogen is sufficient for 180 km range of cryomobile at speed of 55 km/h, while a full charge of the 300-kilogram battery of Nissan LEAF electric vehicle is sufficient for a range of 160 km. Use of liquid nitrogen or liquid air as an energy vector in a transport will not require scarce materials, and, in comparison with using of lithium-ion batteries or hydrogen, this will require less capital investment.
Highlights
At present, the world energy industry is experiencing the technological revolution connected with explosive growth of the renewable energy sources
Spain and Germany set a goal of receiving more than 50% of electricity from renewable sources until to 2030
The authors of this work proposed to combine the reservoir for storage of liquid nitrogen with a cold cavity of the Stirling engine
Summary
The world energy industry is experiencing the technological revolution connected with explosive growth of the renewable energy sources. If we add to this carrying out the ortho-para conversion, which is needed to ensure the long-term storage of liquid hydrogen, the high cost of the infrastructure to use liquid hydrogen in transport becomes clear Despite these drawbacks of hydrogen, a number of leading automotive companies have developed and produce a limited number of cars running on hydrogen. Dearman managed to create the working piston engine, which has liquid in the cylinder constantly Another stereotype of thinking, which Dearman destroyed, is that the engine for the car running on liquid nitrogen, shut be a pneumatic motor − a machine that converts the energy of compressed air into mechanical work. 1-2-3-4 − ideal cycle of nitrogen liquefaction; 1-8-9-2 − cycle of the LN2000 power unit; 1-7-6-5-3-2 − cycle of the Dearman engine
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