Abstract
The problem of the electrical characterization of single-phase transformers is addressed in this research through the application of the crow search algorithm (CSA). A nonlinear programming model to determine the series and parallel impedances of the transformer is formulated using the mean square error (MSE) between the voltages and currents measured and calculated as the objective function. The CSA is selected as a solution technique since it is efficient in dealing with complex nonlinear programming models using penalty factors to explore and exploit the solution space with minimum computational effort. Numerical results in three single-phase transformers with nominal sizes of 20 kVA, 45 kVA, 112.5 kVA, and 167 kVA demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed approach to define the transformer parameters when compared with the large-scale nonlinear solver fmincon in the MATLAB programming environment. Regarding the final objective function value, the CSA reaches objective functions lower than 2.75×10−11 for all the simulation cases, which confirms their effectiveness in minimizing the MSE between real (measured) and expected (calculated) voltage and current variables in the transformer.
Highlights
This significant increment in the number of transformers demonstrates that studies regarding the efficiency of electrical distribution networks are required to define the real contribution of these devices in total energy losses wasted in the distribution activity, since in the Colombian systems, more than the 50% of the total distribution energy losses are assigned to the transformers [8]
This work dealt with the proposition of the application of the crow search algorithm (CSA) to the problem of the parametric estimation in single-phase transformers using voltage and current measures in their terminals
Numerical comparisons with the fmincon solver from MATLAB and the real data for the transformers reported in the current literature demonstrated that the CSA finds the best near-optimal values with minimum computational effort
Summary
The expansion of these grids has significant impacts on the energy quality mainly observed in the high increments in the total grid power losses that are mostly caused in distribution lines and transformers with low chargeability [4,5]. In the Colombian context, between 2010 and 2018, the number of transformers installed in medium-voltage levels increased by about 31%, i.e., 58,1592 new transformers were added in 8 years [4] This significant increment in the number of transformers demonstrates that studies regarding the efficiency of electrical distribution networks are required to define the real contribution of these devices in total energy losses wasted in the distribution activity, since in the Colombian systems, more than the 50% of the total distribution energy losses are assigned to the transformers [8]
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