Application of the Concept of Nuclear ud Pair Clusters

Abdul L Bhuiyan

doi:10.5539/apr.v8n2p29

Abstract

<p class="1Body">In a previous paper, the author of this paper presented a model in which it was proposed that the nuclei consist of clusters of ud pairs, where u and d are u quark and d quark, respectively. In this paper, the author has used the model in elucidating several phenomena, such as binding of u and d in ud by the exchange of electron-positron pairs or photons between them, energy of the exchanged photons, nature of forces between u and d, interaction of energetic photons with nuclear ud pairs, existence of nuclear quadrupole moment, creation of dark matter via simultaneous increase of h and decrease of c as the universe expands, etc.</p>

Highlights

With a view to establish relationship between an infinite number of partons and the three quarks inside the nucleon, Sekine (Sekine, 1985, 2012) applied the cantor set (Cantor, 1883) to an infinite number of point-like quarks and antiquarks constituting the nucleon and the dark matter and has shown, through the introduction of color charges in QCD, that the theory of the strong interaction does not exist between quarks and antiquarks
The author of this paper presented a model in which it was proposed that the nuclei consist of clusters of ud pairs, where u and d are u quark and d quark, respectively
The author has used the model in elucidating several phenomena, such as binding of u and d in ud by the exchange of electron-positron pairs or photons between them, energy of the exchanged photons, nature of forces between u and d, interaction of energetic photons with nuclear ud pairs, existence of nuclear quadrupole moment, creation of dark matter via simultaneous increase of h and decrease of c as the universe expands, etc

Summary

Introduction

With a view to establish relationship between an infinite number of partons and the three quarks inside the nucleon, Sekine (Sekine, 1985, 2012) applied the cantor set (Cantor, 1883) to an infinite number of point-like quarks and antiquarks constituting the nucleon and the dark matter and has shown, through the introduction of color charges in QCD, that the theory of the strong interaction (color force) does not exist between quarks and antiquarks. The quarks and antiquarks would have annihilated each other, leaving the embryo universe completely filled with radiations; that is, there would be no matter left in it. A u quark remains transiently unpaired with the d quark This unpaired u quark emits a positron and a neutrino before being transformed into a d quark, indicating that an unpaired u quark is not stable; it tends to stabilize by forming a pair with a d quark. All this indicates that isolated u quarks and d quarks tend to stabilize themselves by forming pairs of composition ud This prompted us to present a model in which the nuclear structures are described in terms of clusters of ud pairs (Bhuiyan, 2013). Vol 8, No 2; 2016 here to help elucidate several phenomena as the mechanism of formation of ud pairs, nature of the forces between u and d in ud, exchange of electron- positron pairs or photons between u and d in ud, energy of the exchanged photons, interaction of energetic photons with nuclear ud pairs, existence of nuclear quadrupole moment, creation of dark matter, etc

Formation of Quarks

Photons in Nuclei

The Dark Matter