Abstract
Anaplasma phagocytophilum, has been observed as an emerging human pathogen of public health importance and is commonly transmitted to humans by tick bites. The bacterium Anaplasma phagocytophilum has been known from decades to cause the disease, tick-borne fever (TBF) in domestic ruminants and cattles in various areas in northern Europe, China, Russian border and United Kingdom. In recent years, outbreak of A.phagocytophilum infection has enhanced multifold and is widely reported in I. persulcatus and engorged as D. silvarum ticks in north eastern regions of China. However, few genome sequences have been completed so far, thus observations on biological, ecological, and pathological differences between genotypes of this bacterium,are yet to be elucidated by molecular and experimental infection studies. In our current work, We have investigated 4 completely sequenced Genomic strains of A.phagocytophilum using various insilico tools SPINE and AGENT to characterize the percentage of Core Genome, Accessory genome and Pan Genome of these species. Further, we have tried to characterize the serotype and find the resistance genes observed in these four strains using MLST and ResFinder tools available at centre of Genetic epidemiology, Denmark Technical University server. By application of ClustAGE tool, we have made a comparative assessment of accessory genes across these strains. Heatmaps using expression map of these 4 genomes was constructed to infer the conserved genes and variable genes across these strains. Our study led to conclusion that core genome across these strains varies from 1.43 Mbps to 1.47 Mbps and accessory genomes varies from 0.0410 Mbps to 0.0734 Mbps. Comparison of the Gene clusters led to conclusion that gene clusters led to core genome value of 318 and Pan Genome value of 1035. Our analysis characterizes the dominance of accessory genes during evolution of Anaplasma phagocytophilum and lesser conservation of genes as there is a phylogenetic variation observed.
Highlights
We have investigated 4 completely sequenced Genomic strains of A.phagocytophilum using various insilico tools SPINE and AGENT to characterize the percentage of Core Genome, Accessory genome and Pan Genome of these species
Anaplasma phagocytophilum is a causative agent for human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA), a significant tick-borne zoonosis rising in the United States and other portions of the world (Xiong et al, 2019)
HZ and HZ2 strains have shown species typing matched to ST161, JM strain to ST-64 and Norway variant2 strain (NV) strain to ST-82.(Figure 2)
Summary
Anaplasma phagocytophilum is a causative agent for human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA), a significant tick-borne zoonosis rising in the United States and other portions of the world (Xiong et al, 2019). HGA is progressively perceived as a significant and successive reason for fever after a tick bite in the Upper Midwest, New England, parts of the Mid-Atlantic States, and many parts of Europe, all territories where Ixodes ticks bite people (Mghirbi, Youmna ,2012 ). The case fatality rate (i.e., the proportion of anaplasmosis patients that reportedly died as a result of infection) has remained low, at less than 1%.Molecular modelling and computational chemistry approaches are applied to model the proteins. (Valli G., Ramu K., Mareeswari P.,2012) In South Korea, Ixodes spp. ticks are uncommon.( Park SW, Song BG, Shin EH, Yun SM,2014) A. phagocytophilum has been demonstrated in Haemaphysalis longicornis ticks, which are the most abundant species in In silico prediction of biological activity using PASS in relation to the chemical structure of a compound is a commonly used technique in drug discovery and development to predict the biological activity spectrum for a compound on the basis of its structural formula. (Valli G., Ramu K., Mareeswari P.,2012) In South Korea, Ixodes spp. ticks are uncommon.( Park SW, Song BG, Shin EH, Yun SM,2014) A. phagocytophilum has been demonstrated in Haemaphysalis longicornis ticks, which are the most abundant species in
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