Abstract
Modern international hydrocarbons turnover is becoming more autonomous and decentralized. This process is facilitated not only by the introduction into contractual practice of such network technologies as smart contracts and blockchain platforms, but also by the wide dissemination of sources of non-governmental regulation (lex petrolea). In the context of the network paradigm of private international law, the classic problem of conflict of laws is exacerbated. The author considers the conflict-of-laws aspects of the use of smart contracts based on blockchain technology in cross-border oil and gas transactions, taking into account the fact that the use of computer algorithms does not create a new contract, but is only a special form of transaction. Such “automated” transactions in the oil and gas sector involving multiple jurisdictions create uncertainty in their legal regime. In the absence of a comprehensive substantive legal regulation, and in connection with the phenomenon of lex petrolea, the conflict-of-laws method of regulation predominates. The author shares his reasoning concerning the possibility of extending the application of Regulation No. 593/2008 of the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union “On the Law to be Applicable to contractual obligations (Rome I)” to smart contracts. The author concludes that existing regulation is quite applicable to smart contracts in cross-border oil and gas transactions. Another question is whether the law, which is applicable by virtue of a conflict-of-laws rule, provides for an appropriate substantive basis. To date, special legislation on smart contracts has been passed in only several American states. It is predicted that in the future, private international law will not only determine the law applicable to smart contracts, but will also be a guide to disseminating the positive experience of legal regulation of smart contracts in different countries.
Highlights
Каждый день миллионы баррелей нефти и кубометров газа покупаются и продаются на международных рынках
The author considers the conflict-of-laws aspects of the use of smart contracts based on blockchain technology in cross-border oil and gas transactions, taking into account the fact that the use of computer algorithms does not create a new contract, but is only a special form of transaction
In the absence of a comprehensive substantive legal regulation, and in connection with the phenomenon of lex petrolea, the conflict-of-laws method of regulation predominates. The author shares his reasoning concerning the possibility of extending the application of Regulation No 593/2008 of the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union “On the Law to be Applicable to contractual obligations (Rome I)” to smart contracts
Summary
Каждый день миллионы баррелей нефти и кубометров газа покупаются и продаются на международных рынках. Речь идет о наиболее распространенных в нефтегазовой отрасли договорах купли-продажи сырой нефти и газа, концессионных, лицензионных, нефтесервисных соглашениях, соглашениях о разделе продукции (PSAs), соглашениях о совместной деятельности (JOAs) и др.[3] Как правило, в них присутствует иностранный элемент (чаще всего — разнонациональные субъекты, нахождение за рубежом имущества, исполнение договора на территории разных государств), что делает их собственно трансграничными, открывая двери в международное частное право (МЧП). Для целей управления этой сетью и облегчения международного оборота нефти и газа стороны трансграничных нефтегазовых сделок стали активно внедрять блокчейн-платформы и смарт-контракты[5]. Которая хранит и передает данные, блокчейн сам по себе, конечно же, не может генерировать или транспортировать энергоресурсы, однако его выгодно отличает направленность и применимость к регулированию отношений. Смарт-контракты обеспечивают проведение голосования партнеров по новым проектам, выполняют биллинг совместных интересов и
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