Application of response surface modeling and chemometrics methods for the determination of Atenolol, Metoprolol and Propranolol in blood sample using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction combined with HPLC-DAD

Abstract

A novel dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) method using ionic liquids (ILs) followed by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) has been devised to specify Atenolol, Atenolol, Metoprolol and Propranolol in blood real samples. Fourteen effective parameters in DLLME process, including pH of aqueous sample, volume of the dispersion and extraction solvents and ionic strength of donor phase, etc.; were screened using fractional factorial screening methodology (FFSM) based on Placket-Burman design (PBD) and subsequently were optimized by response surface methodology using central composite design (CCD). A mixture of IL (1-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium hexa fluoro phosphate) and disperser solvent (methanol) was quickly injected into the sample solution leading to the formation of the semi cloudy solution. Afterwards, HPLC-DAD was applied to examine the sedimented IL drop. The detection limits (LOD) for all analytes ranges were 0.00268–0.00300 µg L−1. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) for seven experiments were between 3.832% and 4.432% for three target analytes. The proposed method illustrated wide dynamic linear range (DLR, 0.009–1 µg L−1), desirable linearity (R2 ≈ 0.997), high enrichment factors (EF, 313–330) and good relative recoveries (RR, 96–104%). Clear separation and desirable chromatogram was quickly reached without the intervention of the matrix. Besides, a comparison of this method with previous methods indicated that the suggested method is a reproducible, quick and dependable sample pretreatment technique for extraction and determination of pharmaceuticals in blood sample.