Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), a highly aggressive malignancy with a poor prognosis is usually detected at the advanced stage of the disease. The only US Food and Drug Administration-approved biomarker that is available for PDAC, CA 19-9, is most useful in monitoring treatment response among PDAC patients rather than for early detection. Moreover, when CA 19-9 is solely used for diagnostic purposes, it has only a recorded sensitivity of 79% and specificity of 82% in symptomatic individuals. Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify reliable biomarkers for diagnosis (specifically for the early diagnosis), ascertain prognosis as well as to monitor treatment response and tumour recurrence of PDAC. In recent years, proteomic technologies are growing exponentially at an accelerated rate for a wide range of applications in cancer research. In this review, we discussed the current status of biomarker research for PDAC using various proteomic technologies. This review will explore the potential perspective for understanding and identifying the unique alterations in protein expressions that could prove beneficial in discovering new robust biomarkers to detect PDAC at an early stage, ascertain prognosis of patients with the disease in addition to monitoring treatment response and tumour recurrence of patients.
Highlights
Pancreatic cancer (PanC) is an aggressive malignancy of the digestive and endocrine system that develops in the head of the pancreas most commonly, as well as in the tail and body of the organ [1]
The majority of PanC arises from exocrine glands of the pancreas, in which pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the most common type, while the less common pancreatic tumours are of the endocrine type (e.g., pancreatic neuroendocrine tumour (PNET) [2] (Figure 1))
cancer antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9)—Cancer antigen 19-9; ELISA—Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; liquid chromatography (LC)-MS/MS—Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry; parallel reaction monitoring (PRM)—Parallel reaction monitoring; PZ—Vitamin-K dependent protein Z; vWF—von Willebrand factor. * The specificity and sensitivity of the biomarkers reported were based on the results of validation studies
Summary
Pancreatic cancer (PanC) is an aggressive malignancy of the digestive and endocrine system that develops in the head of the pancreas most commonly, as well as in the tail and body of the organ [1]. Unlike cancers of the colorectum [11], breast [12] and lung [13] which was reported to have a reduced mortality rate due to the advancement in their treatment modalities, limited options available for the treatment of patients with advanced PanC confer only a minimal effect to patients’ overall survival [14]. A myriad of research is being conducted worldwide to develop effective biomarkers for PanC that aids in the early detection of the disease as well as to evaluate prognosis and monitor treatment response of PanC patients, which in turn could make room for unrestricted treatment and management options, in addition to improvement of its current dismal 5-year survival rate [15,16,17,18]
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