Abstract
Analytical and crystallographic surveys of ancient remains are made by use of PIXE and X-ray diffraction. Matrices of potsherds from ancient China and Pakistan were made from α-quartz, orthoclase, muscovite, and aluminosilicates. From the Al contents in the matrices observed by PIXE, places and ages of production were also classified. As coloring agents Mn, Fe, Co, Cu and Pb were detected from glazed surfaces. Japanese porcelains were made from high purity raw materials and were glazed by small amounts of Fe, Ti, Mn, Cu, Zn, Au and Pb. Coins from Pakistan and China were made of a brass and a bronze, respectively. Pb was found in the Chinese coin, indicating that high technology was already established in China 150 years ago.
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