Abstract
For enhancing the cetane number (CN) of diesel fraction, the selective oxidative ring opening method was applied to upgrade ring hydrocarbons. Organic acids, one of the main products from this oxidative reaction, being esterified by the phase transfer catalysis (PTC) approach were studied. Adipic acid, benzoic acid, and phthalic acid were used as model compounds. Reaction time, reaction temperature, the amount of water, and the amount of catalyst in the esterification process were investigated and optimized using orthogonal experimental design method. The kinetics of esterification process was then conducted under the optimal condition. The types of catalysts and organic acids, the amount of catalyst and water were also investigated. The PTC esterification was one rate controlling reaction on the interface between the aqueous phase and the oil phase. Hydrophobicity is a key factor for converting benzoic acid, adipic acid, and phthalic acid to the corresponding esters. It was found that around 5–8% water is the optimal quantity for the given reaction system. Two cases of esterification processes of PTC were proposed.
Highlights
Straight run gas oil and fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) light cycle oil (LCO) are known as two main contributors to diesel pool [1]
The increasingly stringent regulation was implemented in 2016: the cetane number (CN) tested by ASTM D 976 is not lower than 40, or the aromatics content tested by ASTM D 1319 is not higher than 35%, which are both required in the Standard Specification for Diesel Fuel Oils ASTM D 975-16a
Three organic acids: adipic acid, benzoic acid, and phthalic acid were used in the organic acids: adipic acid, benzoic acid, and phthalic acid were used in the esterification esterification reaction
Summary
Straight run gas oil and fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) light cycle oil (LCO) are known as two main contributors to diesel pool [1]. Based on the above-mentioned information, oxidative ring-opening of cyclic ketones is proposed [12,13,14,15,16,17]; oxidative ring-opening of cyclic hydrocarbons [18,19,20,21] is proposed for chain alkanes [22] or decreasing emissions [23] These oxidative processes work with catalyst under a mild condition. We are the first to propose using this oxidation method to enhance the CN of diesel fuel [9] This oxidation process of ring hydrocarbons has two steps: the oxidation of ring hydrocarbons to cyclic ketones, and that of cyclic ketone to acids. The types of catalysts and organic acids, and the amount of catalyst and water were investigated
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