Abstract
Nonlinear impedance spectroscopy is a novel method for the diagnosis of lithium-ion battery cells. To thoroughly evaluate the application of nonlinear impedance measurements within this contribution, the topic is theoretically investigated at first. The ordinary frequency response function is extended to the Volterra model to incorporate nonlinear behavior. The applied data-driven approach simplifies the assessment of nonlinear distortions based on Fourier transforms. To experimentally analyze the frequency response of battery cells in a defined manner, a measurement setup is constructed that features a mechanical clamping device. Next to controlling the temperature and the state of charge (SoC), the force compressing the cell can be specifically adjusted with this test rig. Thereby, the influence of compressive force on the impedance spectrum and its harmonic content is examined. In addition, it is analyzed if and how the mechanical influence can be distinguished with nonlinear impedance spectroscopy from other impedance-changing conditions such as temperature and SoC. The investigation based on pouch battery cells results in diverse diagnostic scenarios, where nonlinear impedance measurements are a valuable extension to traditional battery characterization tools. The comparison is complemented by evaluating drawbacks of the method and the impact of the measurement procedure on the device under test.
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