Abstract
The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic poses serious global health concerns with the continued emergence of new variants. The periodic outbreak of novel emerging and re-emerging infectious pathogens has elevated concerns and challenges for the future. To develop mitigation strategies against infectious diseases, nano-based approaches are being increasingly applied in diagnostic systems, prophylactic vaccines, and therapeutics. This review presents the properties of various nanoplatforms and discusses their role in the development of sensors, vectors, delivery agents, intrinsic immunostimulants, and viral inhibitors. Advanced nanomedical applications for infectious diseases have been highlighted. Moreover, physicochemical properties that confer physiological advantages and contribute to the control and inhibition of infectious diseases have been discussed. Safety concerns limit the commercial production and clinical use of these technologies in humans; however, overcoming these limitations may enable the use of nanomaterials to resolve current infection control issues via application of nanomaterials as a platform for the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of viral diseases.
Highlights
Since 2009, numerous infectious diseases have been occurring periodically, including those caused due to infection by influenza A virus (IAV; H1N1), West African Ebola virus, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and the recent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 [SARS-CoV-2; known as coronavirus disease (COVID-19)]
Due to these controllable properties, nanomaterials have been used in biosensors to potentiate target-specific reactions that respond to biochemical environments, such as temperature, pH, and the presence of enzymes (Table 1) [4]
We developed Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) size-tunable enrichment microdevice (CNTSTEM) technology by bonding a multi-walled CNT with very high porosity to a poly chamber
Summary
Since 2009, numerous infectious diseases have been occurring periodically, including those caused due to infection by influenza A virus (IAV; H1N1), West African Ebola virus, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and the recent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 [SARS-CoV-2; known as coronavirus disease (COVID-19)]. Owing to the rapid global spread of SARS-CoV-2 infections and the consequent damage, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared a COVID pandemic [1]. Strict measures, such as quarantining infected individuals, and technology-based approaches have been employed to prevent the further spread of COVID. It is imperative to develop technology-based countermeasures for diagnosis, prevention, and treatment to cope with potential viral diseases in the future. Nanomaterials can be tailored for specific uses by modulating physical and chemical properties, including size, morphology, surface charge, and solubility Due to these controllable properties, nanomaterials have been used in biosensors to potentiate target-specific reactions that respond to biochemical environments, such as temperature, pH, and the presence of enzymes (Table 1) [4].
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