Abstract
Abstract Growing demands in arid regions have increased groundwater vulnerabilities necessitating appropriate modeling and management strategies to understand and sustain aquifer system behaviors. Sustainable management of aquifer systems, however, requires a proper understanding of groundwater dynamics and accurate estimates of recharge rates which often cause error and uncertainty in simulation. This study aims to quantify the uncertainty and error associated with groundwater simulation using various multi-model ensemble averaging (MEA) techniques such as simple model averaging, weighted averaging model, multi-model super ensemble, and modified MMSE. Two numerical solutions, i.e., finite difference and finite element (FE), were first coupled under three schemes such as explicit scheme (ES), implicit scheme, and Crank-Nicolson Scheme to numerically solve groundwater simulation problems across two case studies, synthetic and real-world (the Birjand aquifer in Iran) case studies. The MEA approach was considerably successful in calibrating a complex arid aquifer in a way that honors complex geological heterogeneity and stress configurations. Specifically, the MEA techniques skillfully reduced the error and uncertainties in simulation, particularly those errors associated with water table variability and fluctuation. Furthermore, a coupled FE-ES method outperformed other approaches and generated the best groundwater-level simulation for the synthetic case study, while stand-alone FE was particularly successful for the Birjand aquifer simulation as a real-world case study.
Highlights
Accurate simulation of the groundwater flow processes across various spatial and temporal scales is critical to reach efficient, timely, and sustainable groundwater management, in the regions with water scarcity problems such as arid areas (e.g., Krakauer et al 2014)
We coupled four model ensemble averaging (MEA) approaches with finite difference (FD) and finite element (FE) to perform the groundwater modeling in the non-steady state for the synthetic case study, while both FE and FE were tested for the steady-state modeling of groundwater-level fluctuation across the Birjand aquifer
This study presented an ensemble simulation of groundwater modeling across a vulnerable arid aquifer system in the east portion of Iran
Summary
Accurate simulation of the groundwater flow processes across various spatial and temporal scales is critical to reach efficient, timely, and sustainable groundwater management, in the regions with water scarcity problems such as arid areas (e.g., Krakauer et al 2014). In these regions, groundwater resources are under a constant threat of being overdrawn due to irrigation, anthropogenic, and climate pressure among others (Mustafa et al 2020). The lumped models are simplified mathematical domains of an aquifer system that do not require incorporating physical parameters into the modeling process.
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