Abstract
In recent years, the rapid development of the pharmaceutical industry and the extensive and illicit use of painkillers have led to increased levels of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in the environment. In view of the significant impact of NSAIDs on living organisms, including humans, their presence in the environment needs to be continuously monitored at trace levels. For this purpose, a combination of molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction (MISPE) and HPLC-MS analysis is commonly used. MISPE has been utilized in direct, fast, and ecological analysis of drugs using a flowing atmospheric-pressure afterglow ion source for mass spectrometry (FAPA-MS). The new method was applied herein in the determination of naproxen, diclofenac, and ibuprofen. The linear dependence of the intensity of analytical signals on the amount of drugs is in the range of 0.2 μg to 1 g and the method detection limit (MDL) for all drugs is 0.2 μg in environmental samples. The new method also decreased the number of analytical stages, the time and cost of analysis, and the organic solvent consumption, besides being environmentally friendly.
Highlights
The recent increase in the human population and the development of industry have been the main contributors to the growing number of pollutants in the natural environment
Ambient ionization mass spectrometry comprises a group of various techniques that allow MS analysis at atmospheric pressure
We propose the use of commercially available AFFINILUTETM molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs)-nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) columns to pre-isolate and preconcentrate NSAIDs from solutions, followed by direct analysis using the flowing atmospheric-pressure afterglow (FAPA) ionization source
Summary
The recent increase in the human population and the development of industry have been the main contributors to the growing number of pollutants in the natural environment. The widespread availability and abuse thereof may lead to the accumulation of these substances in the environment Their presence in the aquatic environment could have negative health effects on certain species, while long-time exposure could cause various risks such as drug resistance in humans and animals, even at low concentrations (usually in micro- or nanograms per liter). The FAPA-MS analytical technique using MIPs is very simple and does not require additional instrumentation; we skip the sample preparation stages, the analysis is carried out directly from MIPs, the number of errors decreases, the method is repeatable, and its time does not exceed 5 min. Ambient ionization mass spectrometry comprises a group of various techniques that allow MS analysis at atmospheric pressure They provide rapid, direct, and high-throughput analyses with no or only minimal sample pretreatment. We propose the use of commercially available AFFINILUTETM MIP-NSAIDs columns to pre-isolate and preconcentrate NSAIDs from solutions, followed by direct analysis using the FAPA ionization source. The obtained results are presented and compared with results obtained via the standard way of analysis by the HPLC-MS method
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