Abstract
The analysis of controlled drugs in forensic matrices, i.e., urine, blood, plasma, saliva, and hair, is one of the current hot topics in the clinical and toxicological context. The use of microextraction-based approaches has gained considerable notoriety, mainly due to the great simplicity, cost-benefit, and environmental sustainability. For this reason, the application of these innovative techniques has become more relevant than ever in programs for monitoring priority substances such as the main illicit drugs, e.g., opioids, stimulants, cannabinoids, hallucinogens, dissociative drugs, and related compounds. The present contribution aims to make a comprehensive review on the state-of-the art advantages and future trends on the application of microextraction-based techniques for screening-controlled drugs in the forensic context.
Highlights
IntroductionAs well as their consequences, are one of the major issues in modern societies
Abuse and drug addiction, as well as their consequences, are one of the major issues in modern societies
Most review papers are dedicated to specific technique(s), the sorbent/liquid phase, a particular class of controlled drugs, or are in a target sample type [8,10,11,18].The present contribution focuses on an overview regarding the application of all microextraction-based techniques for screening-controlled drugs in the forensic context, including the important analytical characteristics and parameters of several applications
Summary
As well as their consequences, are one of the major issues in modern societies. For more details on sample preparation for drug analysis, it is recommended to consult several reference books [13–17] and research review articles [5–12,18–30] These miniaturized analytical approaches have been proposed for more than two decades to monitor controlled drugs in biological matrices, such as opioids and related compounds, cocaine and metabolites, amphetamine-type substances (ATS), cannabinoids, hallucinogens, dissociative drugs, and new psychoactive substances (NPS). Most review papers are dedicated to specific technique(s), the sorbent/liquid phase, a particular class of controlled drugs, or are in a target sample type [8,10,11,18].The present contribution focuses on an overview regarding the application of all microextraction-based techniques for screening-controlled drugs in the forensic context, including the important analytical characteristics and parameters of several applications It discusses the advantages and limitations of miniaturized sample preparation techniques in this context. We believe that the present contribution can facilitate researchers in choosing a particular analytical approach for their application goal
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