Abstract
It is indisputable that separation techniques have found their rightful place in current analytical chemistry, considering the growing complexity of analyzed samples and (ultra)trace concentration levels of many studied analytes. Among separation techniques, extraction is one of the most popular ones due to its efficiency, simplicity, low cost and short processing times. Nonetheless, research interests are directed toward the enhancement of performance of these procedures in terms of selectivity. Dispersive solid phase extraction (DSPE) represents a novel alternative to conventional solid phase extraction (SPE) which not only delivers environment-friendly extraction with less solvent consumption, but also significantly improves analytical figures of merit. A miniaturized modification of DSPE, known as dispersive micro-solid phase extraction (DMSPE), is one of the most recent trends and can be applied for the extraction of wide variety of analytes from various liquid matrices. While DSPE procedures generally use sorbents of different origin and sizes, in DMSPE predominantly nanostructured materials are required. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of recently published original papers on DMSPE procedures in which metallic nanoparticles and hybrid materials containing metallic particles along with other (often carbon-based) constituent(s) at the nanometer level have been utilized for separation and pre-concentration of (ultra)trace elements in liquid samples. The studies included in this review emphasize the great analytical potential of procedures producing reliable results in the analysis of complex liquid matrices, where the detection of target analyte is often complicated by the presence of interfering substances.
Highlights
The separation techniques have rapidly gained popularity in recent years, as they represent a powerful tool to deal with the complexity of analyzed samples andtrace concentrations of studied analytes
Metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) have found varying applications on an industrial scale, this boom has affected the area of analytical chemistry
MNPs are heavily utilized in many extraction procedures for the separation/pre-concentration of organic (Sajid et al., 2021; Wu et al., 2021) and inorganic (Filik and Avan, 2019; Er et al., 2020) analytes from environmental, biological, pharmaceutical, and food samples
Summary
The separation techniques have rapidly gained popularity in recent years, as they represent a powerful tool to deal with the complexity of analyzed samples and (ultra)trace concentrations of studied analytes. Owing to their extremely small size and large surface area, they offer unique physical and chemical properties that are often very different from the properties of the same materials assembled at the micro- or macroscopic scale In this regard, different nanoparticles of metallic nature have been tested as a new sorbent material for the separation and pre-concentration of organic and inorganic analytes in a number of environmental, biological, pharmaceutical, and food samples. Mono-functional nanomaterials can offer only one type of interaction, the hybrid nanomaterials can improve extraction efficiency due to the synergistic effect resulting from interactions between different materials In terms of their structure, three main groups can be distinguished: nanoparticles (NPs), nanolayers (NLs), and nanotubes (NTs). This minireview presents current DMSPE procedures for separation and/or pre-concentration of (ultra)trace elements which involve the use of metallic nanoparticles and hybrid materials consisting of metallic particles immobilized on surface of some advanced (mostly carbon-based) materials at the nano-scale
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