Abstract
Background: The primary sources of nitrate contamination in groundwater resources are excessive fertilizer use and unregulated land discharges of treated wastewater. Due to its harmful nature to human health and its contribution to eutrophication, the removal of nitrate from water has been of great interest in the last decades. Various techniques, such as adsorption, ion exchange, catalytic and biological denitrification, and membrane processes, have been applied for NO3 - removal. Objective: In this review study, the removal of NO3 - by membrane processes, including electrodialysis (ED), electrodeionization (EDI), reverse osmosis (RO), and ultrafiltration, has been reviewed. Method: The pressure-driven membrane and electro-membrane processes applications to NO3 - removal have been reviewed. Results: The effects of process parameters, interferences, and limitations of membrane processes have been summarized. Conclusion: Membrane processes could be a promising alternative for NO3 - removal. After suitable membrane preparation/modification, the nitrate removal rate could reach >99%.
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