Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is indispensable in clinical medicine for the morphological and tomographic evaluation of many parenchymal organs. With varied imaging methods, diverse biological information, such as the perfusion volume and measurements of metabolic products, can be obtained. In addition to conventional MRI for morphological assessment, diffusion-weighted MRI/diffusion tensor imaging is used to evaluate white matter structures in the brain; arterial spin labeling is used for cerebral blood flow evaluation; magnetic resonance elastography for fatty liver and cirrhosis evaluation; magnetic resonance spectroscopy for evaluation of metabolites in specific regions of the brain; and blood oxygenation level-dependent imaging for neurological exploration of eating behavior, obesity, and food perception. This range of applications will continue to expand in the future. Nutritional science is a multidisciplinary and all-inclusive field of research; therefore, there are many different applications of MRI. We present a literature review of MRI techniques that can be used to evaluate the nutritional status, particularly in patients on dialysis. We used MEDLINE as the information source, conducted a keyword search in PubMed, and found that, as a nutritional evaluation method, MRI has been used frequently to comprehensively and quantitatively evaluate muscle mass for the determination of body composition.
Highlights
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is mainly used in clinical medicine for tomographic imaging of living organisms; in nutritional research, its most common use was found to be the analysis of body composition, such as muscle and adipose tissue
blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) MRI, diffusion-weighted MRI, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), arterial spin labeling (ASL), magnetic resonance elastography (MRE), and MR spectroscopy (MRS) were considered to be either non-morphological MRI or functional MRI (fMRI) based on the content of the articles and reviews included in this literature review (Table 1)
The results of this study indicated that total body muscle mass and subcutaneous adipose tissue can be predicted accurately, using arm bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) models with the advantages of convenience and portability, and it could be useful in assessing the nutritional status of hemodialysis patients
Summary
The Origins of Medical Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Medical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was established in the 1970s as a tomographic imaging method for the human body, and its full-scale clinical implementation began in the 1980s. MRI has become an indispensable diagnostic imaging method in the medical field. When radio waves of the same frequency as the precession are applied to the nucleus, a resonance phenomenon called NMR causes radio waves to absorb energy. Once the radio waves are turned off after the resonance phenomenon, the nucleus returns to its original state while releasing energy. By capturing this energy released as an electrical signal, an NMR signal is obtained. NMR is a technique used to investigate molecular structures, various intermolecular interactions, and molecular motion states and is used in a wide range of fields, such as polymer chemistry, biochemistry, and medicine
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