Abstract
Fluidized-bed reactor technology was applied to recover phosphorus from solution via crystallization in a seeded (FBC, Fluidized-bed Crystallization) and unseeded (FBHC, Fluidized-bed Homogeneous Crystallization) system. Dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2) is applied as seed material to provide an existing surface in the seeded crystallization system. Under the optimum pH of 7.7, the presence of seed material in the FBC system enhanced the crystallization ratio of both phosphorus and calcium from 60% to 80%. The operating parameters, including - effluent pHe, up-flow velocity (U, m h−1), and cross-sectional loading (L, kg m−2 hr−1) were optimized in the FBC system. Under optimum conditions at pH 7.7, molar ratio of [Ca]0/[P]0=3.5/1, up-flow rate of 30 m h−1, and cross-sectional loading of 0.9 kg m−2 hr−1, the crystallization ratio (CR) and total removal (TR) of both phosphorus and calcium reached 85% and 92%, respectively. Based on the XRD and Raman pattern, it was confirmed the solid products consist of tricalcium phosphate (Ca3(PO4)2·xH2O) from both FBC and FBHC processes. An economic analysis shows that the disposal cost could be reduced from 0.92 US$ wastewater to 0.2 US$/m3. Phosphorus, encapsulated in a sparingly soluble crystalline form such as dolomite in the FBC system can be potentially used as a slow-release fertilizer and raw material for bio-ceramic and bioactive glass.
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