Application of lime mud as a sustainable alternative construction material: A comprehensive review of approaches

Abstract

This review critically examines the sustainable application of lime mud (LM), a by-product of the paper industry, as a viable construction material. Despite its disposal as waste, the potential of LM as a building material application is promising, particularly as a substitute for cementitious binders in concrete, mortar, and the production of bricks and ceramics. The review consolidates research evidencing the ability of LM to diminish CO2 emissions, conserve resources, and reduce environmental damage while maintaining material quality. Notably, alkali-activated LM has emerged as a noteworthy innovation, showing enhanced mechanical strengths due to pozzolanic reactions with reactive silica sources. Investigations reveal that a 50% substitution of raw LM with activated LM in cementless binders can significantly improve compressive strength. However, the broader application of LM is constrained by limited awareness and comprehensive literature. This article addresses this knowledge gap, promoting environmental benefits of LM and encouraging further exploration into its application as a construction material. The findings support substantial role of LM in the advancement of sustainable building practices, advocating for more extensive research to optimize the utilization of LM and to expand its use in alkali-activated systems for commercial-scale applications.