Abstract
Microwave-assisted extraction of pectin from lemon peels by using ionic liquid as alternative solvent was investigated. The extracted pectin was detected by Fourier transform infrared spectra. The extraction conditions were optimized through the different experiments in conjunction with the response surface methodology. A pectin yield of 24.68 % was obtained under the optimal parameters: the extraction temperature of 88°C, the extraction time of 9.6 min, and a liquid-solid ratio of 22.7 ml · g−1. The structure of the pretreated lemon peel samples and the samples after microwave-assisted extraction were characterized by a field emission scanning electron microscope.
Highlights
A significant large amount of lemon peels have been disposed as an industrial waste each year
The results show that the highest yield of pectin extraction can be obtained when [Bmim] Cl has been used
The effect of the ionic liquids concentration on the yield of pectin was investigated in the range of 0.2 to 1.5 mol·L−1, while the extraction time was fixed at 5 min, the extraction temperature was 80◦C and the liquid-soild ratio remained at 15 mL·g−1
Summary
A significant large amount of lemon peels have been disposed as an industrial waste each year. Pectin has been widely used in the food, petroleum, chemical, electronics, and pharmaceutical industries [4, 5] It is, of great interest to develop a new technology to ease the environmental burden and to turn waste into useful products [6]. Has been developed, which can directly extract bioactive compounds from different solid matrixes [13, 14] This MAE approach is rapid and effective, the organic solvents and strong acid or base used in the extraction are toxic, volatile, flammable, or corrosive. Such process is neither sustainable nor environmental friendly. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) technologies are used to study the sample microstructures before and after extraction
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