Application of interference microscopy to the study of hologram build-up in LiNbO3 crystals

Abstract

Interference microscopy was applied to direct microscopic observation of temporal evolution of phase holograms in LiNbO3:Fe photorefractive crystals. First a hologram was recorded in the sample, and diffraction efficiency was monitored during hologram build-up using inactinic laser light. Thus kinetics of hologram build-up could be determined. The initial hologram was erased using white light. Then a series of write-erase cycles were performed with increasing exposure times. Holograms were observed by interference microscope after each exposure. The time elapsed between the exposure and the microscopic observation was negligible compared to the relaxation time of the hologram. The obtained temporal evolution of the grating profile gives a deeper insight into the physical mechanism of hologram formation in photorefractive materials than simple diffraction efficiency measurements. A congruently grown sample of LiNbO3 doped with 10−3mol/mol Fe in melting was studied by this method. Sample thickness was set to 300μm to allow correct microscopic observation. Plane-wave holograms were recorded in the samples using an Ar–ion laser at λ=488.0nm of grating constants of 3, 6.5 and 8.8μm.