Abstract
Chemical precipitation including lime softening, chlorination, clarification and filtration have been long recognized treatment for process water used in various industries because it provides consistent water quality, however these processes were rarely used in pre-treating feed to reverse osmosis desalination systems. The newly developed submerged spiral wound ultrafiltration membranes in conjunction with chemical precipitation or lime softening can be used to treat reverse osmosis feed. Previous studies have proven the feasibility of integrating immersed ultrafiltration (UF) membrane with chemical precipitation and lime softening. This paper describes the relationships of the operating parameters such as pH, membrane flux, trans-membrane pressure (TMP), membrane permeability; optimum dosage of coagulant; to be used as the basis for the design and construction of the full scale plant. A pilot unit consisting of chemical reactor and UF system was operated at various pH conditions, at membrane flux rates ...
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