Abstract
The Sor and Gebba watershed has undergone several natural and anthropogenic changes, as evidenced by the physical alterations and artificial mismanagement of water resources in the watershed. These situations alter the underground storage aquifer contribution to the streams. Thus, understanding baseflow of the watershed enables us to identify the groundwater system potential and dynamicity. The main objective of this research is to estimate baseflow using several hydrograph analysis techniques as there was neither an organized groundwater resources research carried out at the watershed level nor studies on various methods on estimation of baseflow contribution to these streams. Hence, this research involves estimating baseflow from daily streamflow data using the manual hydrograph analysis technique, Flow Duration Curve (FDC), timeplot, Web-based Hydrograph Analysis Tool (WHAT), the US Geological Survey Groundwater Toolbox (USGS GW Toolbox), and the Baseflow index program (BFI+). The analysis result shows that most automated filtering techniques used with presumed parameters have estimated above-average baseflow compared to the FDC and the manual hydrograph analysis techniques. Moreover, FDC and manual hydrograph analysis resulted in a below-average value of underground storage aquifer contribution to streamflow. The BFI values are proportional for the Sor and Gebba streams and estimated about 33% for the entire watershed.
Highlights
IntroductionPublisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations
An analysis of data from 18 meteorological stations mean annual precipitation (1961–1990) (NMA data and FAO New_LocClim_1.10 datadistributed within and around the watershed between 1953 and 2011 showed unimodal bases provided somewhat the same results) and the evapotranspiration based on the same rainfall with almost 300 mm/month in wet and 30 mm / month in dry periods
Since the watershed receives adequate rainfall and sufdatabases provided somewhat the same results) and the evapotranspiration based on the ficient moisture availability throughout the year, one can assume that the actual and posame FAO Penman–Monteith database from the watershed were 1822 mm and 1262 mm, tential evapotranspiration are comparable
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. A hydrograph is a graphical representation of streamflow at a specific location against time. It is a watershed response as streamflow from a particular precipitation or rainfall event [1]. There are various types of hydrographs, e.g., the flood hydrograph, seasonal hydrograph, streamflow hydrograph, are few of them to mention. These hydrographs are divided into a relatively stable portion of the flow in the lower part named baseflow and a temporally fluctuating portion of the flow in the upper part called direct runoff
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