Abstract
The rapid urbanization and water shortage impose an urgent need in improving sustainable water management without compromising the socioeconomic development all around the world. In this context, reclaimed wastewater has been recognized as a sustainable water management strategy since it represents an alternative water resource for non-potable or (indirect) potable use. The conventional wastewater remediation approaches for the removal of different emerging contaminants (pharmaceuticals, dyes, metal ions, etc.) are unable to remove/destroy them completely. Hybrid membrane processes (HMPs) are a powerful solution for removing emerging pollutants from wastewater. On this aspect, the present paper focused on HMPs obtained by the synergic coupling of biological and/or chemical reaction driven processes with membrane processes, giving a critical overview and particular emphasis on some case studies reported in the pertinent literature. By using these processes, a satisfactory quality of treated water can be achieved, permitting its sustainable reuse in the hydrologic cycle while minimizing environmental and economic impact.
Highlights
In the last decades, because of world population growth, urbanization, expansion of land used for agricultural use, and climate change, the global demand for freshwater has been significantly increased [1]
The results indicated that the addition of H2 O2 improved the system performance while the efficiency of the process decreased by using a higher initial concentration
The results showed that a binary mixture ionic liquid (BMIL) membrane is better than single ionic liquid (SIL)
Summary
Because of world population growth, urbanization, expansion of land used for agricultural use, and climate change, the global demand for freshwater has been significantly increased [1]. Metal ions are separated/removed by processes such as precipitation, inorganic and polymeric adsorption, and reverse osmosis These techniques produce water within international health standards, but they have some important drawbacks [15]. An HMP combining separation and conversion (biological or chemical) is obtained while in the second case an HMP combining separation and physical treatment is obtained These HMPs are useful “green” technologies, which improve the potentialities of classical treatment methods and those of membrane processes (separation at molecular level), giving a synergy for both technologies and minimizing environmental and economic impacts [22,23].
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