Abstract
Graphene-related materials (GRMs) such as graphene quantum dots (GQDs), graphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide (rGO), graphene nanoribbons (GNRs), and so forth have recently emerged as photovoltaic (PV) materials due to their nanodimensional structure and outstanding properties such as high electrical and thermal conductivity, large specific surface, and unique combination of mechanical strength and flexibility. They can be a crucial part of transparent electrodes, hole/electron transport materials, and active layers in organic solar cells (OSCs). Besides their role in charge extraction and transport, GRMs act as device protectors against environmental degradation through their compact bidimensional structure and offer good durability. This review briefly presents the synthesis methods of GRMs and describes the current progress in GRM-based OSCs. PV parameters (short circuit current, open circuit voltage, power conversion efficiency, and fill factor) are summarized and comparatively discussed for the different structures. The efficiency recently surpassed 15% for an OSC incorporating polymer-modified graphene as a transparent electrode. The long-term stability of OSCs incorporating GRMs is also discussed. Finally, conclusions and the outlook for future investigation into GRM-based devices for PVs are presented.
Highlights
The conversion of solar power into electrical energy is a clean, scalable, and environmentally friendly means of energy production
This review briefly presents the synthesis methods of Graphene-related materials (GRMs) and describes the current progress in GRM-based organic solar cells (OSCs)
Semitransparent OSCs with a blend of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT):phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PC61BM) as an active layer, chemical vapor deposition (CVD)-single-layer graphene doped with transparent electrodes with high stability and a nearly 5-fold increase in conductivity with only 2–3% loss of transmittance
Summary
The conversion of solar power into electrical energy is a clean, scalable, and environmentally friendly means of energy production. Bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) photoactive layers comprise a blend of at least two 3semiconductors creating a bicontinuous network of a donor (hole-transporting) and an acceptor (electron-transporting) This architecture allows a close mixing of both phases that favors exciton dissociation. Important [9]: cell terminals is equal to 0 (V = 0) This parameter depends on the absorption of light, charge generation, Short-circuit current (Jsc): current when the voltage in the cell terminals is equal to 0 transport, and extraction. Open-circuit voltage (Voc ): voltage between the terminals when no current flows with the illumination intensity as exciton generation from absorbed phonons inacross the cell (J = 0) This parameter is influenced by the recombination rate of charge crease. Matters and potential trends for future investigation of GRMs-based materials in this field are presented
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