Abstract
Graphene is the thinnest two-dimensional (2D), only one carbon atom thick, but one of the strongest biomaterials. Due to its unique structure, it has many unique properties used in tissue engineering of the nervous system, such as high strength, flexibility, adequate softness, electrical conductivity, antibacterial effect, and the ability to penetrate the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Graphene is also characterized by the possibility of modifications that allow for even wider application and adaptation to cell cultures of specific cells and tissues, both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, by using the patient’s own cells for cell culture, it will be possible to produce tissues and organs that can be re-transplanted without transplant rejection, the negative effects of taking immunosuppressive drugs, and waiting for an appropriate organ donor.
Highlights
The dogma of neural science claims that components of neural systems have poor regenerating capacity in terms of reestablishing axonal connections after injury or diseases.Decades of tissue engineering research have changed this so far highly polarized view and created new perspectives showing potential solutions
Graphene is a biomaterial used in many industries, but medical studies are still being conducted on the safety of its use
Graphene could be applied in 3D cell cultures of cell aggregates or spheroids, which may contribute to reducing the number of animals used for drug testing, reducing research costs
Summary
The dogma of neural science claims that components of neural systems have poor regenerating capacity in terms of reestablishing axonal connections after injury or diseases. The major strategy so far, to use graphene in tissue engineering, is concentrating on suspending graphene in culture media or applying it as a scaffold for cell culturing These first attempts are slowly evolving into a new stage of graphene research, focusing on utilizing graphene’s conductivity profile to create signaling cellular interfaces. GBNs used as electrodes combined with scaffolds can efficiently induce neuronal differentiation by electrical stimulation This possibility opens up the prospect of transforming low differentiated cells of the patient into specialized cells that will allow the regeneration of damaged structures of CNS or PNS. Tissue engineering of the nervous system involves regeneration of damaged connections and nerve cells, the creation of functional neuronal networks, and targeted drug delivery. The aim of this study was to assess and review the properties, advantages, and limitations of graphene used in tissue engineering of the nervous system
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