Abstract
A highly conductive and transparent graphene film is deployed as an efficient intermediate layer (IML) in tandem organic photovoltaic cells. Tandem cells utilizing transition metal oxide modified graphene IML demonstrate a high open circuit voltage (V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">oc</sub> ) of 1.13 V in series connection. The value of V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">oc</sub> from tandem cell is very close to the sum of V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">oc</sub> attained from two individual subcells (0.58 V) that confirms the perfect ohmic contact at the photoactive layer/graphene interface. The UPS result showed the work function of graphene can be increased effectively to ensure good charge collection with different thickness of MoO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> layer.
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