Application of GIS Technology in Coastal Flood Hazard Mitigation

Abstract

Throughout the course of human history, significant pressures have been in place to develop the coastline. Whether these pressures are a result of commercial and industrial needs or recreational preference, humans have always tended to settle at or near the waterfront. While obvious benefits can be reaped from this anthropogenic pattern, it also results in significant portions of the world's population subject to flood hazards. With the potential for these hazards to increase due to climate change, coastal zone managers and planners require tools to mitigate the risk to this population. One such tool is Geographic Information Systems (GIS). With GIS technology being at the forefront of Federal Emergency Management Agency's (FEMA) Map Modernization efforts, it has proven to be an effective tool in coastal hazard mitigation. The GIS technology is extensively used to evaluate land use and population change in the coastal areas which ultimately drives the coastal hazard mapping. The identification of risk requires analyzing large GIS data sets including topographic data (e.g. TIN {triangular irregular network} and GRID), orthophotography, land use data, and census population data. The GIS technology can effectively analyze these large data sets using the calculation algorithms built in to the GIS software such ArcGIS and present information that will guide decision makers. The 3D rendering capability of GIS software can be used to visualize various scenarios which aid in effective hazard identification and mitigation. The 3D GIS mapping and animation tools can also be applied to simulate various disaster scenarios that can ultimately aid planners in prevention of human and property loss during coastal disasters. In FEMA Region I, CDM, a FEMA study contractor and its partner OCC have been involved in numerous coastal hazard studies across New England. Together CDM and OCC have scoped total of six counties and have been involved in coastal engineering and mapping activities in more than 10 counties across New England. This paper will present methodologies to analyze various data sources and identify coastal flooding risks.