Application of gas-diffusion microextraction to the analysis of free and bound acetaldehyde in wines by HPLC–UV and characterization of the extracted compounds by MS/MS detection

Abstract

In wines, the presence of high levels of acetaldehyde (AA) not only is responsible for undesirable characteristic odours but can also cause health adverse effects. Such sensorial activity of AA can be overcome by adding sulphites during winemaking, due to the formation of adducts between AA and sulphites, which lower the sensorial impact of AA. Nevertheless, bound AA can be released during wine storage; therefore, the knowledge of its total amount can be important to estimate the long-term wine quality. The proposed methodology is based on the extraction of AA from wines using gas-diffusion microextraction and determination by liquid chromatography. Free and bound forms of AA could be differentiated and determined using an alkaline hydrolysis step to dissociate the sulphites-AA adducts. This methodology was successfully applied to different wine types, with free AA values ranging between 5 and 26 mg L(-1) and total form between 154 and 906 mg L(-1). Bound AA was above 90% of the total content determined for all samples analysed, and higher amounts were obtained for white wines (around 98%). Other carbonyl compounds were also identified in the extracts using mass spectrometry.