Abstract
Biosensors hold great potential for revolutionizing personalized medicine and environmental monitoring. Their construction is the key factor which depends on either manufacturing techniques or robust sensing materials to improve efficacy of the device. Functional graphene is an attractive choice for transducing material due to its various advantages in interfacing with biorecognition elements. Graphene and its derivatives such as graphene oxide (GO) are thus being used extensively for biosensors for monitoring of diseases. In addition, graphene can be patterned to a variety of structures and is incorporated into biosensor devices such as microfluidic devices and electrochemical and plasmonic sensors. Among biosensing materials, GO is gaining much attention due to its easy synthesis process and patternable features, high functionality, and high electron transfer properties with a large surface area leading to sensitive point-of-use applications. Considering demand and recent challenges, this perspective review is an attempt to describe state-of-the-art biosensors based on functional graphene. Special emphasis is given to elucidating the mechanism of sensing while discussing different applications. Further, we describe the future prospects of functional GO-based biosensors for health care and environmental monitoring with a focus on additive manufacturing such as 3D printing.
Highlights
Biosensors detect various analytes in biofluids such as serum, blood, and urine, and trace harmful microorganisms/chemicals/agrochemical waste in the environment [1,2]
As the functionality of the graphene can be tuned for a specific application of biomarker sensing, we covered a set of examples of biosensing with different modalities
We critically reviewed the fundamentals of functional graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) towards DNA sensing, enzymatic biosensors, monitoring of pathogens, and immunosensing
Summary
Biosensors detect various analytes (deoxyribonucleic acid, ribonucleic acid, proteins, cells, and pathogens) in biofluids such as serum, blood, and urine, and trace harmful microorganisms/chemicals/agrochemical waste in the environment (air, water, soil, etc.) [1,2]. GO containing negatively charged oxygenated functional groups at physiological pH, and the hexagonal aromatic graphene structure, promoted hydrogen bonding and electrostatic, hydrophobic van der Waals, and π–π interactions allowing it to interact with protein analytes [16] Their GO-based chip successfully demonstrated the higher capture yields and lower detection limits for multiple biomarkers spiked into serum, which had not been reported earlier. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was generated as an enzymatic product and consumed the photo-excited electrons from rGO-BiFeO3 under visible light irradiation thereby enhancing the photocurrent This intelligent combination of target-triggered hybridization chain reaction and enzyme-catalyzed photoelectric reaction enabled the biosensor to achieve an LOD of 0.31 pg/mL within the linear range of 0.001–100 ng/mL, in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) and showed remarkable performance in human serum. Anodic stripping voltammetry was used as the electrochemical technique and the reported LOD was 0.001 μg/mL
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