Abstract
Skin is the largest protective organ that could be recurrently wounded and attacked by microorganisms. The wounded skin safeguarding and supporting were intended through natural derivatives. Fish collagen (Cg) type I, extracted from sea bream (Spondyliosoma cantharus), chitosan nanoparticles (NCht) from shrimp shells, and henna (Lawsonia inermis L.) leaves extract (He) were produced and physiochemically characterized. The antimicrobial potentialities of these compounds and their composites were assessed toward skin pathogens (Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus) using various assaying methods and microimaging techniques. The infrared and electrophoretic analysis of Cg validated its characteristics, and the IR-spectroscopic analysis of the compounds/composites indicated their physiochemical attributes and interrelations. The produced NCht particles had a diameter range of 64.6-308.8 nm, 104 nm mean diameter, and +31.3 mV zeta potentiality. Both NCht, He, and NCht/He composite exhibited significant antimicrobial potentiality toward skin pathogens; NCht/He was the strongest with inhibitory concentrations of 20.0 and 22.5 μg/mL and inhibition zones of 25.7 and 26.8 mm against S. aureus and C. albicans, respectively. The electron micrographs verified the synergistic microbicidal action of NCht/He, as they led to severe microbial lysis and deformations. The skin wounds’ treatment with NCht/He/Cg composite promoted the fastest and complete healing of wounded rats’ skin during 8 days of local treatment, with the absence of inflammation and infection signs; treated with NCht/He/Cg composite, the wound area vastly reduced from 63.6 mm2 to 15.9 and 9.1 mm2 after 2 and 4 days, respectively. The natural NCht/He/Cg composites are recommended as topical applications for optimum skin disinfection and regeneration.
Highlights
Skin is the outmost and largest organ, which covers all the body; the skin’s utmost role is the protection of muscles, bones, ligaments, and interior organs from external threats, including biological, physical, chemical, and mechanical agents [1]
Wounds, illnesses, burns, or surgical incisions can dangerously affect the structure/functions performed by the skin; the main threat challenge for wounded skin caregivers is the microbial infections and inflammation emergence in injured tissues [2]
Numerous medications were introduced for remediate and regenerate wounded skin, the accustomed antibiotic prophylaxis and anti-inflammatory drugs were not sufficient to overcome wound contamination and inflammation with skin’s bioburden microorganisms [3]
Summary
Skin is the outmost and largest organ, which covers all the body; the skin’s utmost role is the protection of muscles, bones, ligaments, and interior organs from external threats, including biological, physical, chemical, and mechanical agents [1]. Wounds, illnesses, burns, or surgical incisions can dangerously affect the structure/functions performed by the skin; the main threat challenge for wounded skin caregivers is the microbial infections and inflammation emergence in injured tissues [2]. Numerous medications were introduced for remediate and regenerate wounded skin, the accustomed antibiotic prophylaxis and anti-inflammatory drugs were not sufficient to overcome wound contamination and inflammation with skin’s bioburden microorganisms [3]. Collagen (Cg) constitutes the foremost structural fraction of skins’ extracellular matrix and the utmost researched biopolymer for tissue regeneration/engineering applications [4]. Fish Cg introduced splendid alternatives for applications in biomedicine, tissue engineering, skin care, and regeneration, with higher biocompatibility to human and minimum disease transmission risk [7,8,9]
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