Abstract
Extrusion-based bioprinting (EBB) is a rapidly developing technique that has made substantial progress in the fabrication of constructs for cartilage tissue engineering (CTE) over the past decade. With this technique, cell-laden hydrogels or bio-inks have been extruded onto printing stages, layer-by-layer, to form three-dimensional (3D) constructs with varying sizes, shapes, and resolutions. This paper reviews the cell sources and hydrogels that can be used for bio-ink formulations in CTE application. Additionally, this paper discusses the important properties of bio-inks to be applied in the EBB technique, including biocompatibility, printability, as well as mechanical properties. The printability of a bio-ink is associated with the formation of first layer, ink rheological properties, and crosslinking mechanisms. Further, this paper discusses two bioprinting approaches to build up cartilage constructs, i.e., self-supporting hydrogel bioprinting and hybrid bioprinting, along with their applications in fabricating chondral, osteochondral, and zonally organized cartilage regenerative constructs. Lastly, current limitations and future opportunities of EBB in printing cartilage regenerative constructs are reviewed.
Highlights
EExxttrruussion-Based BioprintingRapid prototyping (RP), known as solid freeform fabrication, refer to a series of techniques that manufacture objects through sequential delivery of eennergy aanndd//oorr mmaatteerriiaall iinn a layer-by-layer manner per computer aided design (CAD) data
Bioprinting of personalized complex tissue grafts is promising for overcoming the current challenges of cartilage tissue engineering (CTE)
Current cartilage constructs are mainly printed based on two approaches: (i) direct printing of cartilage constructs from bio-inks and (ii) alternating printing of bio-inks and thermoplastic-polymer network
Summary
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